1When the LORD your God cuts off the nations whose land the LORD your God gives you, and you succeed them and dwell in their cities and in their houses,
2you shall set apart three cities for yourselves in the middle of your land, which the LORD your God gives you to possess.
3You shall prepare the way, and divide the borders of your land which the LORD your God causes you to inherit into three parts, that every man slayer may flee there.
4This is the case of the man slayer who shall flee there and live: Whoever kills his neighbor unintentionally, and didn’t hate him in time past—
5as when a man goes into the forest with his neighbor to chop wood and his hand swings the ax to cut down the tree, and the head slips from the handle and hits his neighbor so that he dies—he shall flee to one of these cities and live.
6Otherwise, the avenger of blood might pursue the man slayer while hot anger is in his heart and overtake him, because the way is long, and strike him mortally, even though he was not worthy of death, because he didn’t hate him in time past.
7Therefore I command you to set apart three cities for yourselves.
8If the LORD your God enlarges your border, as he has sworn to your fathers, and gives you all the land which he promised to give to your fathers;
9and if you keep all this commandment to do it, which I command you today, to love the LORD your God, and to walk ever in his ways, then you shall add three cities more for yourselves, in addition to these three.
10This is so that innocent blood will not be shed in the middle of your land which the LORD your God gives you for an inheritance, leaving blood guilt on you.
11But if any man hates his neighbor, lies in wait for him, rises up against him, strikes him mortally so that he dies, and he flees into one of these cities;
12then the elders of his city shall send and bring him there, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die.
13Your eye shall not pity him, but you shall purge the innocent blood from Israel that it may go well with you.
14You shall not remove your neighbor’s landmark, which they of old time have set, in your inheritance which you shall inherit, in the land that the LORD your God gives you to possess.
15One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin that he sins. At the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall a matter be established.
16If an unrighteous witness rises up against any man to testify against him of wrongdoing,
17then both the men, between whom the controversy is, shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and the judges who shall be in those days;
18and the judges shall make diligent inquisition; and behold, if the witness is a false witness, and has testified falsely against his brother,
19then you shall do to him as he had thought to do to his brother. So you shall remove the evil from among you.
20Those who remain shall hear, and fear, and will never again commit any such evil among you.
21Your eyes shall not pity: life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.
Deuteronomy 19 establishes three crucial legal frameworks for Israel's future society: cities of refuge for those who commit accidental homicide, protection of property boundaries, and requirements for witnesses in legal proceedings. These laws demonstrate God's concern for both justice and mercy, providing protection for the innocent while ensuring accountability for the guilty. The chapter emphasizes the importance of careful investigation and proportional punishment in maintaining a just society.
Context
This chapter continues Moses' exposition of civil and criminal law that began in chapter 16, preparing Israel for governance in the promised land.
Key Themes
Outline
Instructions for establishing cities of refuge where those who commit accidental manslaughter can flee for protection from blood vengeance.
theme_rarity
Moses uniquely interweaves divine inheritance and mercy by requiring Israel to carve refuge cities from their promised land, transforming territorial conquest into sanctuaries for the accidentally guilty.
A brief commandment prohibiting the removal of ancient property boundary markers to protect inheritance rights.
structural
The Hebrew word "landmark" (gevul) appears 240 times in the Old Testament, yet this single verse in Deuteronomy uniquely links boundary violation directly to covenant inheritance language.
Legal requirements for witnesses in judicial proceedings, including the principle of requiring multiple witnesses and punishment for false testimony.
theme_rarity
Moses establishes the "two or three witnesses" principle that becomes foundational to both Jewish and Christian legal systems, appearing in identical form in Matthew 18:16 and 2 Corinthians 13:1.
Deuteronomy 19:3
Numbers 35:26lexical“‘But if the man slayer shall at any time go beyond the border of his city of refuge where he flees,
Deuteronomy 19:4
Deuteronomy 4:42lexicalthat the man slayer might flee there, who kills his neighbor unintentionally and didn’t hate him in time past, and that…
Joshua 20:5lexicalIf the avenger of blood pursues him, then they shall not deliver up the man slayer into his hand; because he struck his…
Joshua 20:3lexicalthat the man slayer who kills any person accidentally or unintentionally may flee there. They shall be to you for a refu…
Deuteronomy 19:5
Deuteronomy 20:19lexicalWhen you shall besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, you shall not destroy its trees by wield…
Ezekiel 39:10lexicalso that they will take no wood out of the field, and not cut down any out of the forests; for they will make fires with…
Joshua 9:21lexicalThe princes said to them, “Let them live.” So they became wood cutters and drawers of water for all the congregation, as…
Joshua 9:23lexicalNow therefore you are cursed, and some of you will never fail to be slaves, both wood cutters and drawers of water for t…
Isaiah 44:14lexicalHe cuts down cedars for himself, and takes the cypress and the oak, and strengthens for himself one among the trees of t…
Deuteronomy 19:6
Joshua 20:5lexicalIf the avenger of blood pursues him, then they shall not deliver up the man slayer into his hand; because he struck his…
Deuteronomy 4:42lexicalthat the man slayer might flee there, who kills his neighbor unintentionally and didn’t hate him in time past, and that…
Numbers 35:25lexicalThe congregation shall deliver the man slayer out of the hand of the avenger of blood, and the congregation shall restor…
Ruth 2:11lexicalBoaz answered her, “I have been told all about what you have done for your mother-in-law since the death of your husband…
Numbers 35:27lexicaland the avenger of blood finds him outside of the border of his city of refuge, and the avenger of blood kills the man s…
Deuteronomy 19:10
Psalms 106:38lexicalThey shed innocent blood, even the blood of their sons and of their daughters, whom they sacrificed to the idols of Cana…
Proverbs 6:17lexicalarrogant eyes, a lying tongue, hands that shed innocent blood,
Jeremiah 22:17lexicalBut your eyes and your heart are only for your covetousness, for shedding innocent blood, for oppression, and for doing…
Jeremiah 22:3lexicalThe LORD says: “Execute justice and righteousness, and deliver him who is robbed out of the hand of the oppressor. Do no…
2 Kings 21:16lexicalMoreover Manasseh shed innocent blood very much, until he had filled Jerusalem from one end to another; in addition to h…
Deuteronomy 19:11
Deuteronomy 4:42lexicalthat the man slayer might flee there, who kills his neighbor unintentionally and didn’t hate him in time past, and that…
Deuteronomy 19:13
Deuteronomy 21:9lexicalSo you shall put away the innocent blood from among you, when you shall do that which is right in the LORD’s eyes.
Deuteronomy 19:14
Deuteronomy 27:17lexical‘Cursed is he who removes his neighbor’s landmark.’ All the people shall say, ‘Amen.’
Deuteronomy 19:15
Leviticus 5:1lexical“‘If anyone sins, in that he hears a public adjuration to testify, he being a witness, whether he has seen or known, if…
Deuteronomy 17:6lexicalAt the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, he who is to die shall be put to death. At the mouth of one witness h…
Deuteronomy 19:18
Exodus 20:16lexical“You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor.
Proverbs 25:18lexicalA man who gives false testimony against his neighbor is like a club, a sword, or a sharp arrow.
Isaiah 1:17lexicalLearn to do well. Seek justice. Relieve the oppressed. Defend the fatherless. Plead for the widow.”
Word-by-word original language